BRAZIL 9/22/14
- 1822:
Independence
& monarchy
- 1889: End of slavery & monarchy—Federal Republic
- Industrialization
and middle-class development
- Industrial
sector more autonomous
- Presidential
transition between Sao Paulo
and Minas Gerais
- 1930-45: Getulio Vargas
- Depression,
electoral fraud, violation of presidential transition, assassination of
Vargas’ running mate, and rebellion overthrow the old order
- Vargas
installed as populist leader
- 1930-37—Vargas
more conciliatory toward export elites
- 1937—Estado
Novo
- Corporatism,
especially labor (loss of autonomy, more personalistic)
- Industrialization,
protectionism, social welfare
- 1943-45—too
authoritarian, personalistic, and leftist
- 1945—Vargas
ousted by military
- 1945-64: Democratic era
- Weak
parties—PSD and PTB were pro-Vargas; UDN was anti-Vargas
- 1946-50—Dutra
(PSD)
- 1950-54—Vargas
(PTB) returns
- Economic
problems of Dutra’s liberal policies paved the way for Vargas again
- Joao
Goulart: Labor Minister and
leftist (polarizing figure)—credit controls and multiple exchange
rates—military forces resignation of Goulart in 1954
- 1954—Vargas
tilts further to the left (100% pay raise). Aug, 1954—military tells Vargas to
step down. Instead he commits
suicide
- 1956-61: Juscelino Kubitschek (PSD) with Goulart
as V-P (PTB).
- 1961: Janio Quadros (independent) with
Goulart as V-P. Resigns after 7
months.
- 1961-64: Goulart succeeds Quadros—army is
opposed
- Increasing
leftward tilt—tax and land reforms, nationalizations
- Goulart
supports leftist-oriented revolt in military
- 1964-85: Bureaucratic-Authoritian Era
- March
31, 1964—military ousts Goulart
- Pro-U.S.—foreign
investment—austerity
- U.S.
role in coup: http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB118/index.htm#audio and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JHcuehtV2cA
- Series
of “Institutional Acts”
(restricting human rights, Congress, courts, etc.)
- Eventually
absolishing parties, Congress, unions, etc.
- Cycles
of mini-liberalizations followed by authoritarian reactions
- 1966—new
Constitution—consolidation of authoritarian policies of Institutional
Acts
- Economic
success
- Series
of 5 military presidents
- 1985-present: New Democratic Era
- Gradual
transition—beginning with true Electoral College
- 1985-90—Jose
Sarney
- 1990-92--Fernando
Collor (first direct popular election)—impeached due to corruption
- 1992-95—Itamar
Franco (“Plano Real” under new Finance Minister Cardoso)
- 1995-03—Fernando
Henrique Cardoso
- Sociologist
(President of International Sociology Association) with ties to many U.S. universities. Author of many books, including the
most influential Dependency and
Development in Latin America.
- He allegedly once said "Forget
what I wrote"
- Umbrella
coalition, with many neo-liberal tendencies
- 2003-2010—Luiz
Inacio Lula da Silva (or simply, Lula)
- Long-time
union member and union leader
- First
ran for the presidency in 1989
- Elected
as the most leftist Brazilian president since Goulart—but has moderated
into a more traditional social-democrat
- 2010-present—Dilma
Rousseff
- Fought
against the military governments
- Imprisoned
1970-72, allegedly tortured
- Close
supporter of Lula
- First
female President of Brazil
CONCLUSION
- Stages
- Export-oriented
and Traditional Oligary—through 1930s (but development of autonomous
industry)
- Easy
ISI and Populism—Vargas (especially Estado Novo)—but “deeper” (1st
integrated steel mill in Latin America)
- Hard
ISI and B-A—1964-1985
- Military “more successful in its own
terms” (voluntary transition in 1985)
- Compared
with Argentina
- Brazilian
labor more controlled (no Peronist labor unions)
- Weak
political parties in Brazil
- Brazilian
military more astute and determined (created a dominant movement)